Courses
First-year students are encouraged to investigate the University's new integrated quantitative (IQ) science course, a year-long class team taught by 10 professors that combines material from the introductory courses in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and computer science.
BIOL 100 Biology of Plants
Holistic overview of plant biology including elements of cell biology, biochemistry, biodiversity, morphology, growth and development, physiology, and ecology. Emphasizes direct interaction with live plants in the laboratory, field, and greenhouse integrated with understanding of cellular structures and processes and practice of scientific method. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 101 Principles of Evolution
Examines fundamentals of the theory of evolution as an example of how science works and progresses. Consists of three modules. The first module will focus on importance of genetic variation and principles of the evolutionary theory; the second will focus on illustrating how evolutionary theory and evolutionary tree serve as guides in biological research; and the third will focus on principles of human evolution. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 102 Exploring Human Biology
Examination of human biology from perspective of cellular processes, genetics, structure and function of organ systems, and evolution. Application of the scientific method in the laboratory. Will not serve as basis of further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 103 Biology in Popular Culture
Current topics in contemporary biology will be used to introduce students to genetic engineering, stem cells, and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. These issues and the impact of this technology will be explored examining their various roles in the medical community and popular culture. Laboratory investigations will emphasize the scientific method allowing for student hypothesis-driven experimentation. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 104 Biology of Human Development
Focuses on early embryonic development, including fertilization, stem cell formation, organ development, and sex determination. Emphasis on understanding biological principles and social implications of manipulating human development. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 106 Microbiology: Unseen Life
Introduction to basic concepts needed to understand microorganisms and their impact on our world. Questions addressed include: What is microbial diversity? How do microbes grow? How can we control microbial growth? How can we harness the power of microbial genetics? How do microbes help in food production? What roles do microbes play in the biosphere? How do microbes interact with the human body? Laboratory investigations will utilize the scientific method to allow students to gain insight as to how scientific experiments are performed. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 107 Human Genetics
Introduction to basic concepts in human genetics and how advances in the field impact health care, biotechnology, public policy, and the law. Topics such as the Human Genome Project, gene therapy, and prenatal testing for genetic disorders will be discussed. Students will gain working knowledge of how scientists think and how they approach research problems. Designed for students with little or no background in biology, chemistry, and mathematics. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 108 Environmental Biology
Basic ecological principles and selected topics in environmental science, including worldwide impact of growing human population, patterns of energy consumption, and issues of water quality, water management, land use, and biological resources. Application of the scientific method will be incorporated in laboratory component. Will not serve as basis of further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): High school biology.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): High school biology.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 109 Introduction to Ecology
Introduction to causes and consequences of ecological patterns at all scales: individuals, species, communities, and ecosystems. Terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems are studied, as well as theories and the mathematical and graphical models used to understand them. Some labs require work outside. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 110 Emerging Infectious Diseases
Examination of microbes responsible for emerging infectious diseases (and perspective of diseases with significant impact on history) will be used to introduce biological principles evaluating the structure/function of these microbes as well as discussing the role of genetics. The impact of these events as well as the public policy response will be explored. Examples of microbes to be studied include HIV, Ebola, Escherichai coli, Treponema palladium, and Staphylococcus aureus. The scientific method of investigations will be an integral part of the laboratory. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 111 Marine Biology of the Chesapeake Bay
Introduction to the ecology and biological diversity of the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. Environmental issues facing the bay will be explored through direct data collection, observation, and hands-on activities. This is a service-learning course and students will join local 5th-grade classrooms to help teach elementary students about the bay. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 118 Introduction to Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the harnessing of biological processes for commercial purposes. We interact with biotechnology products every day, yet many people do not understand what biotechnology is, what it can and cannot do, and why the ethical use of biotechnology is important. Includes topics such as recombinant DNA technology, fermentation, protein engineering, biosensors, and natural products. Students will learn about biotechnology companies, how they work, and the implications of biotechnology in everyday life. Will not serve as basis for further work in science nor meet entrance requirements for any health profession. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 155 Topics in Contemporary Biology: Summer Scholars
Special topics. Available to high-school students in Summer Scholars program only.
Prerequisite(s): Participation in Summer Scholars program.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Participation in Summer Scholars program.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 199 Introduction to Biological Thinking
An introduction to how biologists pose questions, design experiments, analyze data, evaluate evidence, and communicate scientific information. Individual sections will have different topics and formats, but all sections will involve intensive student-directed investigation and include a laboratory component. Required for prospective biology majors. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 201 Genetics
Introductory course addressing theory and use of genetics in the biological sciences. Topics include 1) gene organization and transmission through generations, including Mendelian inheritance, linkage, and mapping; 2) gene function at the molecular level, including physical nature of DNA, transcription, translation, and regulation of gene expression; and 3) genetic analysis of biological processes such as development. Emphasis is on modern genetic techniques and applications. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 205 Cell Biology
Introductory course addressing cell structure and function at the molecular level. Major topics include 1) the chemical composition of cells, including the structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; 2) the organization of cells, including organelles and their functions; 3) cellular metabolism, including respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis; 4) cell-cell interactions and communication, including signaling in nerve and muscle; 5) mitosis, the cell cycle, and cell death. Emphasis on modern cellular and molecular techniques and applications. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 207 Ecology
Examines forces that shape the patterns of species interactions, abundance and distribution. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week plus overnight field trips.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199, Environmental Studies 201, or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199, Environmental Studies 201, or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 216 Botany
Diversity, structure, growth, physiology, and reproduction of photosynthetic organisms. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 217 Integrative Physiology
Examines the integration of physiological processes in plants and animals, from the level of the genes, cells, organs, systems, whole organisms, and environment. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 225 Evolution
Introduction to biological evolution, including history of field and mechanisms of evolution that result in biological diversification, speciation, extinction, and the fossil record. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 229 Microbiology
Microorganisms are everywhere and an integral part of our world. This course introduces a broad range of topics in the field, including microbial cell structure and function, microbial growth and nutrition, unique aspects of microbial metabolism, viruses, microbial ecology, and microbial pathogenesis. The contributions of microbes to the world, both positive and negative, will be highlighted throughout the course. Laboratory investigations will allow students to explore microbiological-based questions. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 250 Earth Systems and Physical Geography
(See Geography 250; same as Environmental Studies 250.)
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
General Education Requirement: (FSNB)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 260 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
(See Geography 260; same as Environmental Studies 260.)
Unit(s): 1
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 303 Plant Morphology
Structure, life histories, and phylogeny of major divisions of algae, fungi, and terrestrial plants. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 305 Plant Anatomy
Microscopic structure of vascular plants with emphasis on function, development, and evolution. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 306 Systematic Botany
Identification and classification of vascular plants; emphasis on local flora, principles of systematics. Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229 or permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 307 Advanced Cell and Molecular Biology
Analysis of molecular mechanisms by which cells interact with each other and the environment. Topics include signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and molecular models of cancer and microbial pathogenesis. Three lecture hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 308 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Comparative anatomy and biology of several systems of organs of representative vertebrates in an evolutionary context. Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 309 Invertebrate Zoology
Comprehensive study of systematics, morphology, physiology, development, behavior, and ecology of invertebrates, the most abundant animals on the planet. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week plus field trips.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 311 Microanatomy
Microscopic structures and functions of vertebrate tissues and organs. Laboratory emphasizes quantitative light and electron microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205 and 216 or 217.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205 and 216 or 217.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 312 Developmental Biology
Development of animals, concentrating on fertilization and early embryonic development. Emphasizes mechanisms of cell differentiation and pattern formation. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201 and 205.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201 and 205.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 313 Microbial Pathogenesis
Exploration of the general mechanisms used by pathogens to cause disease. Topics include entry into the host, attachment to and invasion of host cells, cell and tissue damage, and microbial elimination/dissemination, as well as the techniques used to study these processes. Students will examine these topics in detail in context of several specific pathogens to more thoroughly appreciate the clinical disease that results from infection. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205 or 229.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205 or 229.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 314 Molecular Genetics
Examination of experimental underpinnings of knowledge about gene transmission and function through critical analysis of key papers. Lab projects focus on developing skill in posing problems that can be addressed experimentally. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 325 Molecular Evolution
Introduction to molecular evolution with focus on genome structure, mutation selection and random genetic drift at molecular level. Evolution by gene duplication, exon shuffling and transposition. Lab focuses on cloning and recombinant DNA techniques. Strong lab component, two lecture and four laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 326 Biochemistry
(See Chemistry 326.)
Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 206.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 206.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 327 Biochemistry with Laboratory
(See Chemistry 327.)
Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 206.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 206.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 328 Vertebrate Zoology
Comprehensive survey of vertebrate classes emphasizing phylogenetic theory, natural history, behavior, and ecology. Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 329 Protein Structure, Function and Biophysics
(See Chemistry 329.)
Prerequisite(s): Biology/Chemistry 326 or 327 and Chemistry 309.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology/Chemistry 326 or 327 and Chemistry 309.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 332 Tropical Marine Biology
Introduction to marine biology and other oceanographic disciplines using tropical marine habitats as specific examples. Three lecture hours per week and laboratory portion composed of field trips and exercises including spring break field experience in Caribbean (extra fee required).
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207 or 225.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207 or 225.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 333 Microbial Ecology
Community dynamics play an important role in organismal interactions. Examines the role of microorganisms in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats, as well as animal-plant systems. The laboratory will emphasize molecular techniques used to study microorganisms in situ and includes independent research project. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201, 205, 207, 216, 217, 225, or 229.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 334 Oceanography
Integrated introduction to biological, geological, chemical, and physical oceanography. Multidisciplinary approach to ocean processes. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week, plus field trips.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 338 Comparative Animal Physiology
Introduction to major characteristics of animal function at level of whole organism and component structures and organ systems. Emphasis on physiological function and processes related to survival in natural environment. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201 or 205 and 217.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201 or 205 and 217.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 339 Physiology of Marine Organisms
Physiological adaptations, including osmoregulation, respiration, diving physiology, and temperature regulation of organisms to marine environments, such as estuaries, the open ocean, and deep sea. Three lecture hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 217.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 217.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 340 Introduction to Immunology
Overview of immunology. Current theories and their explanation of pertinent contemporary issues included. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 341 Animal Physiological Ecology
Introduction to animal physiological adaptation to the natural environment. Emphasis will be on physiological responses of animals to both biotic and abiotic factors and interaction with ecology and population dynamics of species. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 217.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 217.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 343 Neurobiology
Broad course focusing on study of neurons and neuronal systems. Topics to be explored include the neuron and its mechanisms for the transmission of signals, neuronal organization, sensory perception, integration, behavioral output, development, and basic neurogenetics. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205 or 217.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205 or 217.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 344 Behavioral Ecology
Introduction to analysis of behavior of organisms, including humans, by study of how behavior affects survival and reproduction. Behaviors studied include foraging, aggression, cooperation, and reproduction. Verbal, graphical, and mathematical models to describe and predict behavior are studied and tested. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week; may include overnight field trips.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207 or 225.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207 or 225.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 345 Cellular Neurophysiology
The study of how nerve cells generate electrical excitability and use changes in excitability to communicate information in the nervous system. The basic principles of how ion channels and receptors operate will be studied and applied to their physiological function in nerve cells including networks of nerve cells and nerve-muscle communication. The key principles of channel and receptor function will be determined by students in laboratory exercises using contemporary electrophysiological instrumentation. Advanced topics such as the modulation of channel and receptor function, disease-causing mutations, and the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity will also be studied. The course culminates in student-led investigations of a special topic, designed and completed by research teams. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 205.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 350 Undergraduate Research
Independent research conducted with faculty supervision. May be repeated eight times for credit. Graded pass/fail.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .5
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .5
BIOL 351 Special Topics
Special course areas covered when sufficient interest exists. Considers subject matter not covered in other biology courses.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): .5-1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): .5-1
BIOL 352 Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Study of how evolution occurs through inherited changes during the embryonic development of organisms. The genetic basis of animal diversity will be studied by examining conserved molecular, cellular, and developmental processes. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 360 Environmental Remote Sensing
(See Environmental Studies 360.)
Unit(s): 1
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 370 Women in Science
Critical analysis of involvement of women in science, including the history of participation of women in science; trends and barriers to full participation in science, including real and perceived differences in the biology of the scientist; objectivity/subjectivity in science; and feminist analyses of science. Continuing dialogue on how science is done and impact that feminist scholarship has had on this dialogue. Class research project will be conducted. Three lecture hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Students must have fulfilled their Fields of Study-Natural Science requirement or have permission from the instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSSA)
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Students must have fulfilled their Fields of Study-Natural Science requirement or have permission from the instructor.
General Education Requirement: (FSSA)
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 380 Philosophical Issues in Evolutionary Biology
Philosophical problems within evolutionary biology and its influence on society. Issues studied include how natural selection works, evolution and human behaviors, and the influence of evolutionary theory on our ethical and legal codes. Lecture/seminar format, with student presentations and term paper. Three lecture hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207 or 225.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 207 or 225.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 383 Tropical Biology and Conservation
Introduction to principles of tropical biology and conservation, including historical and economic components. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 199.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 384 Eukaryotic Genetics
Principles underlying gene expression in higher eukaryotes, examined through selected genetic pathologies. The course seeks to increase students' facility in making creative use of the primary scientific literature. Three lecture hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Biology 201.
Unit(s): 1
BIOL 388 Individual Internship
Supervised independent work under field conditions. Designed to give student applied experience in biological specialty. No more than 1.5 units of internship in any one department and 3.5 units of internship overall may be counted toward required degree units.
Prerequisite(s): Biology, biochemistry and molecular biology, or environmental studies major at junior or senior rank.
Unit(s): .5
Prerequisite(s): Biology, biochemistry and molecular biology, or environmental studies major at junior or senior rank.
Unit(s): .5
BIOL 389 Independent Study
An in-depth study of biological topics not included in other courses. Students work independently, but under the supervision of a faculty member. Must be approved by department chair and instructor.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .25-1
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .25-1
BIOL 391 Honors Seminar I
Special topics for junior and senior students with emphasis on topics presented in the Biology Seminar Series. One lecture hour per week.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .25
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .25
BIOL 392 Honors Seminar II
Special topics for junior and senior honors candidates. One lecture hour per week.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .25
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): .25
BIOL 395 Honors Research
Laboratory or field-centered independent study. May be taken twice for credit. Will be graded on a pass/fail basis.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1
Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
Unit(s): 1